Technology Application Teaching & Learning

The widespread effective implementation and use of information and communications technology (ICT) are crucial if countries across the world are to meet the demands and expectations of the 21st-century globalized economy and our increasingly digitised society — not only in the workplace but also in the promotion of political accountability and changes in educational opportunities for children and youth (Sanders & George, 2017). As Korunka and Hoonakker (2014) state, “There is no doubt that the development and implementation of information and communication technology during the last decade has had — and still has — a major impact on all levels of society” (p. 1). Not only have the media, manufacturing industries, and commerce become increasingly technology-oriented (Turban et al., 2018) but public education too has begun to integrate ICT into educational settings of all kinds to the point where it is increasingly difficult to envision classrooms free of at least some form of modern digital technology. In particular, Internet-reliant technology is one of the most prominent means for the delivery of various forms of distance education and blended learning.